Ichaphaza elinye kumntla ekhohlo limela uA; amachaphaza amabini aphezulu amela uC, yaye amachaphaza amane amela 7. Umntu olichule loonobumba beBraille unokutolika nawuphi na umbhalo osehlabathini engakhange awubone. Oku akubalulekanga kuphela ngokwembono yokufunda nokubhala, kodwa kukwabalulekile xa abantu abangaboniyo kufuneka bafumane indlela yabo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke; Ikwathatha isigqibo sokupakishwa, ngakumbi kwiimveliso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezifana namayeza. Umzekelo, imimiselo yanamhlanje ye-EU ifuna ukuba aba onobumba abangama-64 bahlukeneyo baphawulwe epakekweni. Kodwa yabakho njani le mveliso intsha?
Ibilisiwe ukuya kutsho kumachaphaza amathandathu
Eseneminyaka emithandathu ubudala, uLouis Braille wadibana nomphathi womkhosi eParis. Apho inkwenkwana eyimfama yaziswa “kuhlobo lokubhala lwasebusuku” – inkqubo yokufunda eyenziwe ngabalinganiswa abachukumisayo. Ngoncedo lwamachaphaza alishumi elinambini alungelelaniswe kwimiqolo emibini imiyalelo yasiwa kwimikhosi ebumnyameni. Noko ke, kwimibhalo emide, le nkqubo yangqineka intsonkothile kakhulu. IBraille yehlise inani lamachaphaza ukuya kutsho kumathandathu ngaloo ndlela eyila iBraille yanamhlanje evumela oonobumba, iequation zemathematika kunye nomculo wamaphepha ukuba uguqulelwe kolu lwimi luchukumisayo.
Injongo echaziweyo ye-EU kukususa imiqobo yemihla ngemihla kubantu abangaboniyo nabangaboniyo. Ukongeza kwiimpawu zendlela zabantu abangaboni kakuhle kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezifana neziphathamandla okanye izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, i-Directive 2004/3/27 EC, ebisebenza ukusukela ngo-2007, ichaza ukuba igama leyeza kufuneka liboniswe ngeBreyile kwipakethe yangaphandle yamayeza. . Umyalelo awubandakanyi kuphela iibhokisi ezincinci ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-20ml kunye / okanye i-20g, amayeza avelisiweyo ngaphantsi kweeyunithi ze-7,000 ngonyaka, ii-naturopaths ezibhalisiweyo kunye namayeza alawulwa kuphela ngabasebenzi bezempilo. Ngesicelo, iinkampani ezixuba amayeza kufuneka zibonelele ngofakelo lweephakheji kwezinye iifomathi kwizigulana ezingaboni kakuhle. Njengowona mgangatho usetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele, ifonti (inqaku) ubungakanani apha ngu "Marburg Medium".
Wokanye umzamo owongezelelweyo
Ngokucacileyo, iilebhile ezinentsingiselo zeBraille nazo zineempembelelo zomsebenzi kunye neendleko. Kwelinye icala, abashicileli bamele bazi ukuba asizizo zonke iilwimi ezineengongoma ezifanayo. Imidibaniso yamachaphaza e-%, / kunye ne-full stop yahlukile eSpain, eItali, eJamani nase-UK. Kwelinye icala, abashicileli bamele bathathele ingqalelo iidayamitha zamachaphaza athile, ii-offsets, kunye nezithuba zemigca xa kushicilelwa okanye kushicilelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amachaphaza eBraille kulula ukuwaphatha. Nangona kunjalo, abaqulunqi apha nabo kufuneka bahlale bebetha ibhalansi elungileyo phakathi komsebenzi kunye nenkangeleko. Ngapha koko, imiphezulu ephakanyisiweyo akufuneki iphazamise ngokungafanelekanga ukufunda kunye nenkangeleko yabantu abangaboni kakuhle.
Ukusebenzisa iBraille ekupakisheni akuyongxaki ilula. Ngenxa yokuba kukho iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokufakela i-braille: Ngeyona nto ingcono kakhulu ye-optical effect, i-embossing ye-braille kufuneka ibe buthathaka ukwenzela ukuba izinto zekhadibhodi zingakrazuli. Ukuphakama kweqondo le-embossing, umngcipheko omkhulu wokukrazula ikhava yekhadibhodi. Kubantu abangaboniyo, kwelinye icala, ubude obuncinane bamachaphaza e-braille buyimfuneko ukuze bawuve lula umbhalo ngeminwe yabo. Ke ngoko, ukusebenzisa amachaphaza akroliweyo ekupakisheni kuhlala kubonisa isenzo solungelelwaniso phakathi kwembonakalo enomtsalane kunye nokufundeka kakuhle kwabo bangaboniyo.
Ukuprintwa kwedijithali kwenza isicelo sibe lula
Ukuza kuthi ga kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, iBraille yayisashicilelwa, nto leyo eyayifuneka ukuze kuveliswe isixhobo sokuprinta esihambelanayo. Emva koko, ukuprintwa kwesikrini kwaqaliswa - ngenxa yolu tshintsho lokuqala, ishishini lalifuna kuphela i-stencil eprintiweyo yesikrini. Kodwa inguqu yokwenyani iya kuza kuphela ngoshicilelo lwedijithali. Ngoku, amachaphaza e-braille ngumcimbi nje wokushicilela ijethi ye-inki kunye nevanishi.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akulula: izinto ezifunekayo zibandakanya amanqanaba okuhamba kakuhle kwe-nozzle kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo zokomisa, kunye nokushicilela ngesantya esiphezulu. Ukongeza koku, iijethi ze-inki kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zobungakanani obuncinci, zinamathele kakuhle kwaye zingabi nankungu. Ngoko ke, ukukhethwa kwee-inks / i-varnishes yokushicilela kufuna amava amaninzi, ngoku afunyenwe kwiinkampani ezininzi kwishishini.
Kukho iminxeba ngamaxesha athile ukususa usetyenziso olusisinyanzelo lweBraille kwipakethe ekhethiweyo. Abanye bathi ezi ndleko zinokugcinwa ngeethegi ze-elektroniki, besithi ikwavumela nabasebenzisi abangaziyo oonobumba okanye iBraille, njengabantu abasele bekhulile abangaboni kakuhle iminyaka, ukuba bafumane ulwazi abalufunayo.
Isiphelo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukupakishwa kweBraille kuseneengxaki ezininzi ezilindele ukuba sizisombulule, siya kwenza konke okusemandleni ethu ukwenza ngcono ukupakishwa kweBraille ukwenzela abantu abayidingayo.Enkosi ngokufunda!
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-10-2022