Imbali yokupakisha

Uyilo lwanamhlanje lokupakisha kwanamhlanje luyalingana ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-19. Ukuvela kwemveliso, inani elikhulu lephakheji yezorhwebo lenze amazwe akhawulezayo asaphuhlayo aqala ukwenza umzi mveliso weemveliso zokupakishwa koomatshini. Ngokwezixhobo zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli: Iphepha lemigodi yamahashe kunye nenkqubo yekhadibhodi yenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, kwaye kwavela izikhongozeli zephepha; Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, indlela yokulondolozwa kokutya kwiibhotile zeglasi kunye neetoti zentsimbi zazenziwa, kwaye ishishini lokutya lakhiwe.

Ngokuphathelele kwitekhnoloji yokupakisha: embindini wenkulungwane ye-16, iikopi zenqanaba zaza zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi eYurophu ukuba itywinwe umlomo. Umzekelo, nge-1660, xa kwaphuma iwayini evuyiweyo, ibhotile kunye ne-cork zazisetyenziselwa ukutywina ibhotile. Ngo-1856, isikhafu se-cap kunye nepali ye-Cork yangekanywanga, kwaye itampu yesitampu kunye netywinwe i-Prown elula kakhulu nge-1892, esenza itekhnoloji yokutywina ilula kwaye ithembekile. . Ukusetyenziswa kweempawu zokupakisha zale mihla: Amazwe aseNtshona Elaphu aqala ukubeka iileyibhile kwiibhotile zewayini ngo-1793. Ngo-1813, ishishini lamaBritane amabala lathi ukupakisha iileyibhile ezilula ukuzichonga.

Ukupakisha kwanamhlanje kokupakisha kwanamhlanje kuyinto eqhelekileyo eqalisiweyo emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngokwandiswa kwehlabathi uqoqosho uqoqosho olukhawulezileyo kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwesayensi yale mihla kunye neTekhnoloji, ukuphuculwa kokupakisha kufike ixesha elitsha.

Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

I-1.

2. Ukwahlukana kunye nokuzenzekelayo koomatshini bokupakisha;

3. Uphuhliso olungaphezulu lokupakisha kunye netekhnoloji yokuprinta;

4. Ukuqhubela phambili kovavanyo lokupakisha;

I-5. Uyilo lokupakisha luqhubekile ngesayensi nezamkelweyo.