Umlando wokupakisha

Ukupakisha kwanamuhla kwanamuhla ukufakwa kwanamuhla kulingana ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 kuya ngekhulu le-19. Ngokuvela kwezimboni, inani elikhulu lokuphaphama kwezimpahla lenze amanye amazwe asathuthuka aqale ukwakha imboni yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwe ngomshini. Ngokuya ngezinto zokupakisha neziqukathi: I-Horse Dung Paper kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza amakhadibhodi yasungulwa ngekhulu le-18, futhi kwavela izitsha zamaphepha; Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, indlela yokulondolozwa kokudla emabhodleleni ezingilazi namathini wensimbi kwasungulwa, kwasungulwa imboni yensimbi yokudla.

Ngokwezobuchwepheshe bokupakisha: maphakathi nekhulu le-16, ama-colical corks asetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu ukuvala umlomo webhodlela. Isibonelo, ngawo-1660s, lapho kwaphuma iwayini elinephunga elinamakha, kwasetshenziswa ibhodlela ne-cork ukuvala ibhodlela. Ngo-1856, isikulufa cap nge-cork pad yasungulwa, futhi kwasungulwa umqhele womqhele futhi ovalwe uphawu wasungulwa ngo-1892, okwenza ubuchwepheshe bokubekwa uphawu bube lula futhi buthembeke ngokwengeziwe. . Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zesimanje zokufaka: Amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu aqala ukubeka amalebula emabhodleleni ewaini ngo-1793. Ngo-1817, imboni yaseBrithani yemithi ichaze ukuthi ukupakishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi kufanele kube namalebula alula ukukubona.

Ukupakisha kwanamuhla kwanamuhla kwaqala ukwakhiwa ngemuva kokungena ngekhulu lama-20. Ngokunwetshwa komhlaba wonke komnotho wezentengiso kanye nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwesayensi yanamuhla kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kokupakishwa nakho kungenile inkathi entsha.

Ukubonakaliswa okuyinhloko kungokulandelayo:

1. Izinsizakusebenza ezintsha zokupakisha, njengokuphaphama okungathandeki, ukupakishwa okulahlayo, ukufakwa kabusha kwamaphakethe nezinye iziqukathi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha kuqhubeke ukuvela;

2. Ukuhlukahluka kanye nokuzenzakalela kwemishini yokufaka;

3. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokupakishwa nobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta;

4. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuhlolwa kokupakisha;

I-5. Idizayini yokupakisha iqhubeka ngokwesayensi futhi yanamuhla.